Secreted . Cytoplasm . Cell projection, cilium, flagellum . Nucleus . Mitochondrion . Localizes to the sperm flagellum where it is highly concentrated in the midpiece (PubMed:20542501, PubMed:30920769). Detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus of spermatocytes and spermatids (PubMed:20542501). Also detected in sperm mitochondria (PubMed:20542501). In retinal pigment epithelium cells, detected in cytoplasm and mitochondria (PubMed:26990160). .
Expressed in testis, seminal plasma and sperm (at protein level) (PubMed:20542501, PubMed:30920769). Higher seminal plasma levels are associated with normospermia than with oligospermia, asthenospermia or oligoasthenospermia (at protein level) (PubMed:30920769). Higher sperm levels are associated with normospermia than with asthenospermia (at protein level) (PubMed:30920769). Expressed in retinal epithelial cells (at protein level) (PubMed:26990160). Expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver. Lesser but significant expression is observed in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. Expressed in the AD brain, where it is found in some of the large intact neurons of the occipital lobes and small and round reactive glial cells in the hippocampus.
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