caution:It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-19 is the initiator.,function:Transcriptional activator, probably constitutive, which binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. Interaction with JUN redirects JUN to bind to CRES preferentially over the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response elements (TRES) as part of an ATF2-c-Jun complex.,PTM:Phosphorylation of Thr-69 and Thr-71 by MAPK14 causes increased transcriptional activity. Also phosphorylated and activated by JNK.,similarity:Belongs to the bZIP family.,similarity:Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.,similarity:Contains 1 bZIP domain.,similarity:Contains 1 C2H2-type zinc finger.,subunit:Binds DNA as a dimer and can form a homodimer in the absence of DNA. Can form a heterodimer with JUN. Interacts with SMAD3 and SMAD4. Binds through its N-terminal region to UTF1 which acts as a coactivator of ATF2 transcriptional activity.,tissue specificity:Abundant expression seen in the brain.,
Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion outer membrane. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and heterodimerization with JUN is essential for the nuclear localization. Localization to the cytoplasm is observed under conditions of cellular stress and in disease states. Localizes at the mitochondrial outer membrane in response to genotoxic stress. Phosphorylation at Thr-52 is required for its nuclear localization and negatively regulates its mitochondrial localization. Co-localizes with the MRN complex in the IR-induced foci (IRIF).
Ubiquitously expressed, with more abundant expression in the brain.
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