function:Not yet clear. It is known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and it seems to be able to bind to cells, membranes and hydrophobic proteins. It has been associated with programmed cell death (apoptosis).,similarity:Belongs to the clusterin family.,subunit:Antiparallel disulfide-linked heterodimer. Interacts with APOA1, CLUAP1 AND PON1.,
[Isoform 1]: Secreted . Can retrotranslocate from the secretory compartments to the cytosol upon cellular stress. .; [Isoform 4]: Cytoplasm . Keeps cytoplasmic localization in stressed and unstressed cell. .; [Isoform 6]: Cytoplasm . Keeps cytoplasmic localization in stressed and unstressed cell. .; Nucleus . Cytoplasm . Mitochondrion membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side . Cytoplasm, cytosol . Microsome . Endoplasmic reticulum . Mitochondrion . Mitochondrion membrane . Cytoplasm, perinuclear region . Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule . Secreted isoforms can retrotranslocate from the secretory compartments to the cytosol upon cellular stress (PubMed:17451556). Detected in perinuclear foci that may be aggresomes containing misfolded, ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:20068069). Detected at the mitochondrion membrane upon induction of apoptosis (PubMed:17689225). Under ER stress, a immaturely glycosylated pre-secreted form retrotranslocates from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi network to the cytoplasm to localize in the mitochondria through HSPA5 interaction (PubMed:22689054). ER stress reduces secretion (PubMed:22689054). Under the stress, minor amounts of non-secreted forms accumulate in cytoplasm (PubMed:24073260, PubMed:22689054, PubMed:17451556). Non-secreted forms emerge mainly from failed translocation, alternative splicing or non-canonical initiation start codon (PubMed:24073260, PubMed:12551933). .
Detected in blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, milk, seminal plasma and colon mucosa. Detected in the germinal center of colon lymphoid nodules and in colon parasympathetic ganglia of the Auerbach plexus (at protein level). Ubiquitous. Detected in brain, testis, ovary, liver and pancreas, and at lower levels in kidney, heart, spleen and lung.
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